基于Smith-PID预估控制器的电弧炉熔滴控制研究*

doi:10.13385/j.cnki.vacuum.2026.05.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 真空电弧炉作为特种钢材生产的核心设备,原理是利用自耗电极与金属熔池之间产生的电弧热来熔化金属,恒熔速是电弧炉冶炼过程中主流的控制策略,但该方法极易因终端响应不及时造成铸锭化学成分梯度分布不均匀的后果。使用恒熔滴控制技术作为电弧炉熔炼特种钢的核心技术,并建立稳定的恒熔滴闭环控制方法可有效缓解弊端,但由于系统在终端控制上表现出显著的滞后性,直接影响了熔滴率控制的精度,因此将Smith-PID预估控制器的策略应用到电弧炉恒熔滴控制系统中,能有效地提高系统给进精度。引入Smith-PID预估补偿器抵消被控对象特征方程中的滞后项,确保滞后系统的闭环稳定性。建立电弧炉控制系统数学模型后,具备Smith-PID预估控制器的终端误差幅度仅为1 mm,相比于传统PID控制,精度提高了5倍。经过工业现场实验,从文中描述的控制方式与传统控制方式熔炼出的熔炼成品对比来看,本文描述的控制器生产出的产品在单位体积内密度相对于传统控制方式提升12.14%。

关键词: 真空电弧炉, 熔滴控制, Smith-PID预估器

Abstract: Vacuum arc furnaces, as the essential apparatuses in the production of special steel, operate on the principle of melting metal using the heat generated by the arc between the consumable electrode and the metal bath. Maintaining a constant melting rate is the mainstream control strategy in the arc furnace smelting process, but this method is prone to cause uneven chemical composition gradients within the ingot due to delayed response at the terminal. Using constant droplet control technology as the core technique for smelting special steel in the arc furnace and establishing a stable closed-loop control method for constant droplet can effectively alleviate the drawbacks. However, due to the significant lag in the terminal control of the system, the accuracy of droplet rate control is directly affected. Therefore, applying the Smith-PID predictive controller strategy to the arc furnace constant droplet control system can effectively improve the system's feed accuracy. Introducing the Smith-PID predictive compensator to counteract the lag term in the characteristic equation of the controlled object ensures the closed-loop stability of the lag system. After establishing the mathematical model of the arc furnace control system, the terminal error amplitude with the Smith-PID predictive controller is only 1 mm, which is improved by five times compared to traditional PID control. Through industrial field experiments, comparing the smelting products from the control method described in this paper and the traditional control method, the products produced by the controller described in this paper have a density increase of 12.14% per unit volume compared to the traditional control method.

Key words: vacuum arc furnace, droplet control, Smith-PID predictor

中图分类号: TP202⁺.2

尹彦博, 王秋博, 王界骄, 冯宣淇, 晋伟达, 王淮田, 党哲鹏, 李润达. 基于Smith-PID预估控制器的电弧炉熔滴控制研究^*[J]. 真空, 2026, 63(5): 62-67.

YIN Yanbo, WANG Qiubo, WANG Jiejiao, FENG Xuanqi, JIN Weida, WANG Huaitian, DANG Zhepeng, LI Runda. Research on Droplet Control of Electric Arc Furnaces Based on Smith-PID Predictive Controller[J]. VACUUM, 2026, 63(5): 62-67.

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