欢迎访问沈阳真空杂志社 Email Alert    RSS服务

VACUUM ›› 2022, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 79-85.doi: 10.13385/j.cnki.vacuum.2022.01.15

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Review on Equipment and Application of Electron-beam Based Additive Manufacturing

WU Fan1,2,3,4, LIN Bo-chao1,2,3,4, QUAN Yin-zhu, 1, CHEN Wei1,2,3,4, YANG Yang1,2,3,4   

  1. 1. AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute,Beijing 100024,China;
    2. Key Laboratory on Power Beam Processing,Beijing 100024,China;
    3. Beijing Key Laboratory on Power Beam Metal Additive Manufacturing Technology and Equipment,Beijing 100024,China;
    4. Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Additive Manufacturing,Beijing 100024,China
  • Received:2021-04-03 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-01-27

Abstract: Electron-beam based additive manufacturing(EBAM) technologies operate in vacuum chambers and possess the characteristics such as high energy efficiency and low residual stress, which makes them widely used in fields including aerospace and medical. This paper focused on two EBAM technologies of electron beam melting(EBM) and electron beam solid freeform fabrication(EBF3). The research and application progress of equipment, electron beam gun, processing technology,microstructure control were reviewed. Prospects on development of EBAM technologies were made.

Key words: additive manufacturing, electron beam, electron beam melting, wire deposition

CLC Number: 

  • TG66
[1] 卢秉恒, 李涤尘. 增材制造(3D打印)技术发展[J]. 机械制造与自动化, 2013, 42(4): 1-4.
[2] CORMIER D, HARRYSSON O, WEST H.Characterization of H13 steel produced via electron beam melting[J]. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2004, 10(1): 35-41.
[3] SOCHALSKI-KOLBUS L M, PAYZANT E A. CORNWELL P A, et al. Comparison of residual stresses in inconel 718 simple parts made by electron beam melting and direct laser metal sintering[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2015, 46(3): 1419-1432.
[4] 汤慧萍, 王建, 逯圣路,等. 电子束选区熔化成形技术研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2015, 34(3): 225-235.
[5] ELECTRON BEAM ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING(EBAM ®). Benefits of wire vs powder metal 3D printing[EB/OL].https://www.sciaky.com/additive-manufa cturing/ wire-vs-powder.
[6] DAVÉ V R.Electron beam(EB)-assisted materials fabrication[D]. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995.
[7] MATZ J E, EAGAR T W.Carbide formation in alloy 718 during electron-beam solid freeform fabrication[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2002, 33(8): 2559-2567.
[8] TAMINGER M, ROBERT M, HAFLEY R, et al.Electron beam freeform fabrication for cost effective near-net shape manufacturing[C]//Meeting on Cost Effective Manufacture via Net Shape Processing, Amsterdam: NASA Technical Reports Server, 2006.
[9] HAFLEY R.Electron beam freeform fabrication: A rapid metal deposition process[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Automotive Composites Conference, Troy: Brooks Kushman, 2003.
[10] WATSON J, HAFLEY R, PETERSEN D.Development of a prototype low-voltage electron beam freeform fabrication system[C]//13th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin: University of Texas at Austin, 2002.
[11] DAVIS D.“Game-changer” to aid in F-35 production[EB/OL].(2012-04-13). https://www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/blog/machining/game-changer-to-aid-in-f-35-production.
[12] 巩水利,锁红波,李怀学. 金属增材制造技术在航空领域的发展与应用[J]. 航空制造技术, 2013, 433(13): 66-71.
[13] 陈哲源, 锁红波, 李晋炜. 电子束熔丝沉积快速制造成型技术与组织特征[J]. 航天制造技术, 2010(1): 36-39.
[14] SUO H, CHEN Z, LIU J, et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V by electron beam rapid manufacturing[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2014, 43(4): 780-785.
[15] KÖRNER C. Additive manufacturing of metallic components by selective electron beam melting-a review[J]. International Materials Reviews, 2016, 61(5): 361-377.
[16] GE. 100000 patients later: The 3D-printed hip is a decade old and going strong[EB/OL].(2018-07-02). https://www.ge.com/additive/stories/100000-patients-later-3d-printed-hip-decade-old-and-going-strong.
[17] GOCKEL J, BEUTH J, TAMINGER K. Integrated control of solidification microstructure and melt pool dimensions in electron beam wire feed additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2014, 1-4: 119-126.
[18] KOVALCHUK D, IVASISHIN O.Additive manufacturing for the aerospace industry[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2019.
[19] ANTONYSAMY A A, MEYER J, PRANGNELL P B.Effect of build geometry on the β-grain structure and texture in additive manufacture of Ti6Al4V by selective electron beam melting[J]. Materials Characterization, 2013, 84: 153-168.
[20] KIRKA M M, GREELEY D A, HAWKINS C, et al.Effect of anisotropy and texture on the low cycle fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 processed via electron beam melting[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2017, 105: 235-243.
[21] CARROLL B E, PALMER T A, BEESE A M.Anisotropic tensile behavior of Ti-6Al-4V components fabricated with directed energy deposition additive manufacturing[J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 87: 309-320.
[22] SAMES W J, UNOCIC K A, DEHOFF R R, et al.Thermal effects on microstructural heterogeneity of Inconel 718 materials fabricated by electron beam melting[J]. Journal of Materials Research, 2014, 29(17): 1920-1930.
[23] DEHOFF R R, KIRKA M M, SAMES W J, et al.Site specific control of crystallographic grain orientation through electron beam additive manufacturing[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2015, 31(8): 931-938.
[24] SCHWERDTFEGER J, KÖRNER C. Selective electron beam melting of Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr: Microstructure and aluminium loss[J]. Intermetallics, 2014, 49: 29-35.
[25] JUECHTER V, SCHAROWSKY T, SINGER R F, et al.Processing window and evaporation phenomena for Ti-6Al-4V produced by selective electron beam melting[J]. Acta Materialia, 2014, 76: 252-258.
[26] NAG S, SAMUEL S, PUTHUCODE A, et al.Characterization of novel borides in Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta+2B metal-matrix composites[J]. Materials Characterization, 2009, 60(2): 106-113.
[27] BOOK T A, SANGID M D.Evaluation of select surface processing techniques for in situ application during the additive manufacturing build process[J]. JOM, 2016, 68(7): 1780-1792.
[28] DONOGHUE J, ANTONYSAMY A A, MARTINA F, et al.The effectiveness of combining rolling deformation with wire-arc additive manufacture on β-grain refinement and texture modification in Ti-6Al-4V[J]. Materials Characterization, 2016, 114: 103-114.
[29] COLEGROVE P A, COULES H E, FAIRMAN J, et al.Microstructure and residual stress improvement in wire and arc additively manufactured parts through high-pressure rolling[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2013, 213(10): 1782-1791.
[30] FU Y, ZHANG H, WANG G, et al.Investigation of mechanical properties for hybrid deposition and micro-rolling of bainite steel[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017, 250: 220-227.
[31] ZHANG H, HUANG C, WANG G, et al.Comparison of energy consumption between hybrid deposition & micro-rolling and conventional approach for wrought parts[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279: 123307.
[32] GAYTAN S M, MURR L E, MEDINA F, et al.Advanced metal powder based manufacturing of complex components by electron beam melting[J]. Materials Technology, 2009, 24(3): 180-190.
[33] CHAUVET E, KONTIS P, JÄGLE E A, et al. Hot cracking mechanism affecting a non-weldable Ni-based superalloy produced by selective electron beam melting[J]. Acta Materialia, 2018, 142: 82-94.
[34] PHAN M, FRASER D, CHEN Z W, et al.Solidification and microstructural control in selective electron beam melting of Co-29Cr-10Ni-7W alloy[J]. Materials Science Forum, 2018, 941: 902-907.
[35] TAMMAS-WILLIAMS S, WITHERS P J, TODD I, et al.The influence of porosity on fatigue crack initiation in additively manufactured titanium components[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 7308.
[36] MASUO H, TANAKA Y, MOROKOSHI S, et al.Influence of defects, surface roughness and HIP on the fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by additive manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2018, 117: 163-179.
[37] SIMPKINS R J, ROURKE M P, BIELER T R, et al.The effects of HIP pore closure and age hardening on primary creep and tensile property variations in a TiAl XDTM alloy with 0.1wt.% carbon[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2007, 463(1-2): 208-215.
[38] PARAB N D, ZHAO C, CUNNINGHAM R, et al.Ultrafast X-ray imaging of laser-metal additive manufacturing processes[J]. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 2018, 25(5): 1467-1477.
[39] LEUNG C L A, MARUSSI S, ATWOOD R C, et al. In situ X-ray imaging of defect and molten pool dynamics in laser additive manufacturing[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1355.
[40] 陈玮, 李志强. 航空钛合金增材制造的机遇和挑战[J]. 航空制造技术, 2018, 61(10): 30-37.
[41] SIGL M, LUTZMANN S, ZAEH M.Transient Physical Effects in Electron Beam Sintering[C]//17th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin:University of Texas at Austin, 2006.
[42] 冉江涛, 赵鸿, 高华兵,等. 电子束选区熔化成形技术及应用[J]. 航空制造技术, 2019, 62(Z1): 48-59.
[43] LIN B, CHEN W, YANG Y, et al.Anisotropy of microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb fabricated by electron beam melting[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 830: 154684.
[1] FU Xue-cheng, MAO Hai-ping, QU Min-ni, WU Li-ying, WANG Ying. Mechanism Analysis and Control of Material Splashing in the Deposition of Gold Film by using Glassy Carbons Crucible [J]. VACUUM, 2021, 58(6): 27-32.
[2] CHENG Cheng, ZHANG Fan, LI Ju, REN Qi-chen. Aseismic Analysis of Crucible Cooling Frame for Vacuum Electron Beam Melting [J]. VACUUM, 2021, 58(6): 67-71.
[3] ZHANG Zhi-ping, XU Zhong-zheng, ZHANG Li-yuan, JIANG Zheng-he. Design of Vacuum Pumping System for Electron Beam Melting Furnace [J]. VACUUM, 2021, 58(5): 42-45.
[4] MA Yi-Gang, LI Zhi-hui. Application of Ultra-high and High Vacuum Technology [J]. VACUUM, 2021, 58(4): 98-102.
[5] YANG Guang, LIU Huan, WANG Ding-ding, LUO Li-ping, LV Xu-ming, QI Yang. Effect of Crack in Micrometer Scale on the Water-cooled Oxygen-free Copper Crucible [J]. VACUUM, 2021, 58(4): 81-86.
[6] XU Hai-ying, WANG Zhuang, SANG Xing-hua, YANG Bo, PENG Yong. Development of the Gas Discharger EB Gun of Electron Beam Coaxial Wire [J]. VACUUM, 2021, 58(2): 76-81.
[7] MA Jing, LI Jiao, GONG Xiao-tao, GENG Pei, ZHOU Chao. Effect of Electron Beam Melting Process on Surface Quality of Ta Ingot [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(6): 45-47.
[8] ZHAO Yu-hui, ZHAO Ji-bin, WANG Zhi-guo, WANG Fu-yu. Research on the Stress Control Methods of Inconel625Nickel-Based Alloys Fabricated by Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(3): 73-79.
[9] LI Lun, ZHAO Ji-bin, ZHOU Bo, TIAN Tong-tong. Slicing Algorithm for Additional Manufacturing Based on Corner Table Data Structure [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(3): 84-88.
[10] ZHAO Ji-bin, LI Lun, ZHOU Bo, TIAN Tong-tong. Direction-parallel Filling Trajectory Generation Method for Sliced Profile in Additive Manufacturing [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(3): 89-93.
[11] LIU Dian-hai, LI Lun, ZHOU Bo, ZHAO Ji-bin. An Automatic Control Method Based on Laser Peening to Improve Residual Stress of Additive Manufacturing Parts [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(2): 83-87.
[12] ZHAO Yu-hui, ZHAO Ji-bin, WANG Zhi-guo. Research on Warp Distortion of Inconel 625 Nickel-Based Alloys Fabricated by Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(2): 88-93.
[13] ZHAO Yu-hui, YAO Chao, WANG Zhi-guo. Research on Test, Prediction Method of Molten Pool by Laser Additive Maufacturing [J]. VACUUM, 2020, 57(1): 76-82.
[14] ZHANG Zhi-ping. Design of Continuous Casting System for Electron Beam Melting Furnace [J]. VACUUM, 2019, 56(4): 40-43.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] LI De-tian, CHENG Yong-jun, ZHANG Hu-zhong, SUN Wen-jun, WANG Yong-jun, SUN Jian, LI Gang, . Preparations and applications of carbon nanotube field emitters[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 1 -9 .
[2] ZHOU Bin-bin, ZHANG jian, HE Jian-feng, DONG Chang-kun. Carbon nanotube field emission cathode based on direct growth technique[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 10 -14 .
[3] LI Zhi-sheng. Development of ultra large shielded door for infrared calibration in simulated space environment[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 66 -70 .
[4] ZHENG Lie, LI Hong. Design of 200kV/2mA continuous adjustable DC high voltage generator[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(6): 10 -13 .
[5] CHAI Xiao-tong, WANG Liang, WANG Yong-qing, LIU Ming-kun, LIU Xing-zhou, GAN Shu-yi. Operating parameter data acquisition system for single vacuum pump based on STM32F103 microcomputer[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 15 -18 .
[6] SUN Li-zhi, YAN Rong-xin, LI Tian-ye, JIA Rui-jin, LI Zheng, SUN Li-chen, WANG Yong, WANG Jian, . Research on distributing law of Xenon in big accumulation chamber[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 38 -41 .
[7] HUANG Si, WANG Xue-qian, MO Yu-shi, ZHANG Zhan-fa, YING Bing. Experimental study on similarity law of liquid ring compressor performances[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 42 -45 .
[8] JI Ming, SUN Liang, YANG Min-bo. Design of automatic sealing and locking scheme for lunar sample[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(6): 24 -27 .
[9] LI Min-jiu, XIONG Tao, JIANG Ya-lan, HE Yan-bin, CHEN Qing-chuan. 20kV high voltage based on double transistor forward converter pulse power supply for metal deburring[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 19 -24 .
[10] LIU Yan-wen, MENG Xian-zhan, TIAN Hong, LI Fen, SHI Wen-qi, ZHU Hong, GU Bing. Test of ultra high vacuum in space traveling-wave tube[J]. VACUUM, 2018, 55(5): 25 -28 .