高速列车真空管道抽气过程的数值模拟研究

doi:10.13385/j.cnki.vacuum.2026.05.04

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 低真空管道超高速列车通过真空系统抽除管道内的空气以获得低气压环境,并结合磁悬浮技术,实现列车在低空气阻力、无轮轨阻力条件下超高速运行。真空管道巨大的容积和超长距离,为真空系统设计抽气时间的计算、管道内温度场的分析及抽气管道布置的优化带来了挑战。以全长100 m的“nu”型结构真空管道段为研究对象,采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟与真空理论计算相结合的方法,开展了低真空环境建立过程的瞬态特性研究。研究结果表明：受理论推导的简化和复杂管路流导的影响,绝热工况下的CFD模拟抽气时间较理论计算延长了约6.2%;而在考虑壁面换热的恒温工况下,壁面热补偿效应导致抽气时间较绝热工况进一步延长约25%。流场分析揭示,最大的压力梯度与能量损失高度集中于抽气管道接口及弯头处,特别是90°弯道内侧形成的涡旋结构,是制约抽气效率的关键几何瓶颈。此外,剧烈的气体膨胀导致列车管道内气体降到-121℃左右的低温,这给系统密封件及精密传感器的可靠性可能带来风险。因此,建议在实际工程设计中充分考虑上述分析的结果。文章研究为大型真空管道列车系统的方案设计、设备安全选型及工程风险识别提供了重要理论依据。

关键词: 真空管道列车, 抽气过程, 数值模拟, 计算流体力学

Abstract: Low vacuum pipeline super-high-speed trains achieve ultra-high-speed operation by using a vacuum system to remove air from the pipeline to create a low-pressure environment, combined with magnetic levitation technology. The large volume and long distance of the vacuum pipeline present challenges in calculating the pumping time for the vacuum system design, analyzing the temperature field inside the pipeline, and optimizing the layout of the pumping pipeline. This paper takes a 100-meter-long "nu" type structure vacuum pipeline section as the research object and uses a combined method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation and vacuum theoretical calculation to conduct a transient characteristics study of the low vacuum environment establishment process. The research results showed that: due to the simplification and complexity of the theoretical derivation of the pipeline flow, the CFD simulation pumping time under adiabatic conditions wes approximately 6.2% longer than that of the theoretical calculation; while in the constant temperature condition considering wall heat exchange, the wall heat compensation effect causes the pumping time to be further prolonged by about 25% compared to the adiabatic condition. The flow field analysis reveals that the maximum pressure gradient and energy loss are highly concentrated at the interface and bends of the pumping pipeline, especially the vortex structure formed inside the 90° bend, which is the key geometric bottleneck restricting the pumping efficiency. In addition, the intense gas expansion causes the gas inside the train pipeline to reach a low temperature of approximately -121℃, which may have an impact on the reliability of system seals and precision sensors. Therefore, it is recommended that the above analysis results should be fully considered in actual engineering design. This research provides an important theoretical basis for the scheme design, equipment safety selection, and engineering risk identification of large vacuum pipe train systems.

Key words: vacuum tube train, pumping process, numerical simulation, computational fluid dynamics

中图分类号: TB75

张大帆, 韩进, 解丽霞, 吴亮, 陈斌, 岳向吉. 高速列车真空管道抽气过程的数值模拟研究[J]. 真空, 2026, 63(5): 28-35.

ZHANG Dafan, HAN Jin, XIE Lixia, WU Liang, CHEN Bin, YUE Xiangji. Numerical Simulation on the Vacuum Pumping Process of High-Speed Trains in Vacuum Pipelines[J]. VACUUM, 2026, 63(5): 28-35.

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